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A structural insulated panel, or structural insulating panel, (SIP), is a form of sandwich panel used as a building material in the construction industry. SIP is a sandwich structured composite , consisting of an insulating layer of rigid core sandwiched between two layers of structural board.
Traditional rebars are generally used to improve the tensile strength of the concrete in a particular direction, whereas steel fibers are useful for multidirectional reinforcement. This is one of the reasons why steel fiber reinforced (shotcrete form) concrete successfully replaced weldmesh in lining tunnels. Less labour is required.
Fiber reinforced concrete has all but completely replaced bar in underground construction industry such as tunnel segments where almost all tunnel linings are fiber reinforced in lieu of using rebar. This may, in part, be due to issues relating to oxidation or corrosion of steel reinforcements.
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) or more popularly as bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers. [1]
Steel is the strongest commonly available fiber, [citation needed] and comes in different lengths (30 to 80 mm in Europe) and shapes (end-hooks). Steel fibers can only be used on surfaces that can tolerate or avoid corrosion and rust stains. In some cases, a steel-fiber surface is faced with other materials.
This occurrence is hindered by the presence of fiber bridging, a property that most HPFRCCs are specifically designed to possess. Fiber bridging is the act of several fibers exerting a force across the width of a crack in an attempt to prevent the crack from developing further. This capability is what gives bendable concrete its ductile properties.
After the concrete is poured and has had time to harden, the form-work is removed to reveal the structure. Another way of creating a TRC structure is lamination by hand. Similar to casting, a form-work must be created to house the concrete and textile; concrete is then spread evenly in the form work, and then the textile is laid on top.
Panel buildings may refer to buildings of one of the following types: Built of structural insulated panels; Built of pre-fabricated concrete blocks, named differently in various countries. Large Panel System building known as Plattenbau in German, Panelák in Czech and Slovak, wielka płyta in Polish and Panelház in Hungarian.