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When rats were trained to jump up to the rim of a box, place cells displayed phase precession much as they do during movement along a path, but a subset of the place cells showed phase precession that was related to initiating the jump, independently of spatial location, and not related to the position during the jump. [12]
Richard Caton discovered electrical activity in the cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys and presented his findings in 1875. [4] Adolf Beck published in 1890 his observations of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light, detected with electrodes directly placed on the surface of the brain. [5]
Aluminium, the third most common element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen and silicon), serves no function in living cells, but is toxic in large amounts, depending on its physical and chemical forms and magnitude, duration, frequency of exposure, and how it was absorbed by the human body. [38] Transferrins can bind aluminium. [39]
An attractor network is a type of recurrent dynamical network, that evolves toward a stable pattern over time.Nodes in the attractor network converge toward a pattern that may either be fixed-point (a single state), cyclic (with regularly recurring states), chaotic (locally but not globally unstable) or random (). [1]
There are many discovered mechanisms of slow subsystems including voltage-[6] [12] [13] and Ca 2+-gated [14] currents and spiking interplay between dendrites and the cell body. [15] The slow subsystem also is connected to endogenous bursting patterns in neurons, where the pattern can be maintained completely by internal mechanism without any ...
All cells in animal body tissues are electrically polarized – in other words, they maintain a voltage difference across the cell's plasma membrane, known as the membrane potential. This electrical polarization results from a complex interplay between protein structures embedded in the membrane called ion pumps and ion channels .
Line attractors – neural integration: oculomotor control; Ring attractors – neural integration: spatial orientation; Plane attractors – neural integration: (higher dimension of oculomotor control) Cyclic attractors – central pattern generators; Chaotic attractors – recognition of odors and chaos is often mistaken for random noise.
An intracellular electrode placed inside the cell body (#1) records the change in membrane potential that the incoming current causes. Extracellular field potentials are local current sinks or sources that are generated by the collective activity of many cells.