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2. Limescale - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescale

   When water that contains dissolved calcium carbonate is warmed, CO 2 leaves the water as gas, this reduces the amount involved in the reaction causing the equilibrium of bicarbonate and carbonate to re-balance to the right, increasing the concentration of dissolved carbonate.

3. Swimming pool sanitation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool_sanitation

   Over time, calcium from municipal water tends to accumulate, developing salt deposits in the swimming pool walls and equipment (filters, pumps), reducing their effectiveness. Therefore, it is advised to either completely drain the pool, and refill it with fresh water, or recycle the existing pool water, using reverse osmosis. The advantage of ...

4. Hard water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

   In swimming pools, hard water is manifested by a turbid, or cloudy (milky), appearance to the water. Calcium and magnesium hydroxides are both soluble in water. The solubility of the hydroxides of the alkaline-earth metals to which calcium and magnesium belong (group 2 of the periodic table) increases moving down the column. Aqueous solutions ...

5. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes

6. Lime softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening

   This action causes calcium carbonate to precipitate due to exceeding the solubility product. Additionally, magnesium can be precipitated as magnesium hydroxide in a double displacement reaction. [3] In the process both the calcium (and to an extent magnesium) in the raw water as well as the calcium added with the lime are precipitated.

7. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

   Hard water can cause scale buildup in pipes, valves, and filters, reducing performance and adding to system maintenance costs. These effects can be seen in aquariums, spas, swimming pools, and reverse osmosis water treatment systems. Typically, total dissolved solids are tested frequently in these applications, and filtration membranes are ...