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The Struggle in Black and Brown: African American and Mexican American Relations During the Civil Rights Era. University of Nebraska Press. Cooks, Carlos A. (1992). Carlos Cooks and Black Nationalism from Garvey to Malcolm. The Majority Press. Eisenstein, Zillah (2004). Against Empire: Feminisms, Racism and the West. Zed Books.
The term African American was popularized by Jesse Jackson in the 1980s, [7] although there are recorded uses from the 18th and 19th centuries, [352] for example, in post-emancipation holidays and conferences. [353] [354] Earlier terms also used to describe Americans of African ancestry referred more to skin color than to ancestry.
His theory assumed that African Americans are "believed to be socialized into the predominant culture, which resulted in diminished racial identification", [1] and thus the Nigrescence model posits that an encounter with an instance of racism or racial discrimination may precipitate the exploration and formation of racial identity, and foster a ...
William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 6, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
Riggs explores a diverse range of topics including the history, and rise of African American, patriarchal structure and its effects on the perception of Black families, men and women today. Riggs uses his grandmother's gumbo as a metaphor for the rich diversity of Black identities.
Horton, James O. Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993). Horton, James O., and Lois E. Horton. Black Bostonian's: Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979). King, Wilma. The Essence of Liberty: Free Black Women during the Slave Era (2006).
Untitled (African-American Flag) is a vexillographic artwork by American artist David Hammons from 1990, combining the colors of the Pan-African flag with the pattern of the flag of the United States to represent African diaspora identity. The flag replaces the red, white and blue colors on the traditional American flags with pan-African colors ...
Bill Hudson's image of Parker High School student Walter Gadsden being attacked by dogs was published in The New York Times on May 4, 1963.. Bill Hudson (August 20, 1932 – June 24, 2010) was an American photojournalist for the Associated Press who was best known for his photographs taken in the Southern United States during the Civil Rights Movement.