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Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, also known as CART, is a neuropeptide protein that in humans is encoded by the CARTPT gene. [ 1 ][ 2 ] CART appears to have roles in reward, feeding, and stress, [ 3 ] and it has the functional properties of an endogenous psychostimulant. [ 4 ]
Amphetamine[ note 2 ] (contracted from a lpha - m ethyl ph en et hyl amine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity; it is also used to treat binge eating disorder in the form of its inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine.
Arcuate nucleus is 'AR', at bottom center, in green. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), [ 1 ] or ARC, [ 2 ] is also known as the infundibular nucleus to distinguish it from the arcuate nucleus of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. [ 1 ] The arcuate nucleus is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to ...
β-Hydroxyamphetamines have increased hydrophilicity and lower lipophilicity relative to their amphetamine counterparts owing to their β-hydroxyl group. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] For comparison, the predicted log P (XLogP3) of amphetamine is 1.8, [ 14 ] of β-hydroxyamphetamine is 0.8, [ 15 ] and of cathinone is 1.1. [ 16 ]
Stimulant use disorder is a type of substance use disorder where the use of stimulants caused clinically significant impairment or distress. It is defined in the DSM-5 as "the continued use of amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, or other stimulants leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, from mild to severe". [1]
In 2015, the estimated prevalence among the adult population was 18.4% for heavy episodic alcohol use (in the past 30 days); 15.2% for daily tobacco smoking; and 3.8% for cannabis use, 0.77% for amphetamine use, 0.37% for opioid use, and 0.35% for cocaine use in 2017.
Amphetamine and cocaine share this selectivity profile, and administration of these drugs generally results in a left-shift in M50 and θ 0, indicating sensitization of the reward circuitry and high abuse potential. This characteristic leftward-shift of M50 in response to a moderate dose of cocaine is illustrated in a hypothetical data set in ...
Monoamine transporter. Monoamine transporters (MATs) are proteins that function as integral plasma-membrane transporters to regulate concentrations of extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters. The three major classes are serotonin transporters (SERTs), dopamine transporters (DATs), and norepinephrine transporters (NETs) and are responsible for ...