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2. Missing square puzzle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_square_puzzle

   The missing square puzzle is an optical illusion used in mathematics classes to help students reason about geometrical figures; or rather to teach them not to reason using figures, but to use only textual descriptions and the axioms of geometry. It depicts two arrangements made of similar shapes in slightly different configurations.

3. Edge-matching puzzle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge-matching_puzzle

   Edge-matching puzzle. An edge-matching puzzle is a type of tiling puzzle involving tiling an area with (typically regular) polygons whose edges are distinguished with colours or patterns, in such a way that the edges of adjacent tiles match. Edge-matching puzzles are known to be NP-complete, and capable of conversion to and from equivalent ...

4. Graph coloring - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_coloring

   A proper vertex coloring of the Petersen graph with 3 colors, the minimum number possible. In graph theory, graph coloring is a special case of graph labeling; it is an assignment of labels traditionally called "colors" to elements of a graph subject to certain constraints. In its simplest form, it is a way of coloring the vertices of a graph ...

5. 3-dimensional matching - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-dimensional_matching

   3-dimensional matchings. (a) Input T. (b)–(c) Solutions. In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a 3-dimensional matching is a generalization of bipartite matching (also known as 2-dimensional matching) to 3-partite hypergraphs, which consist of hyperedges each of which contains 3 vertices (instead of edges containing 2 vertices in a usual graph).

6. Congruence (geometry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_(geometry)

   Congruence permits alteration of some properties, such as location and orientation, but leaves others unchanged, like distances and angles. The unchanged properties are called invariants. In geometry, two figures or objects are congruent if they have the same shape and size, or if one has the same shape and size as the mirror image of the other.

7. Lists of shapes - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_shapes

   Solid geometry, including table of major three-dimensional shapes. Box-drawing character. Cuisenaire rods (learning aid) Geometric shape. Geometric Shapes (Unicode block) Glossary of shapes with metaphorical names. List of symbols. Pattern Blocks (learning aid) This article includes a mathematics-related list of lists.