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A totient number is a value of Euler's totient function: that is, an m for which there is at least one n for which φ(n) = m. The valency or multiplicity of a totient number m is the number of solutions to this equation. [40] A nontotient is a natural number which is not a totient number. Every odd integer exceeding 1 is trivially a nontotient.
In number theory, Euler's theorem (also known as the Fermat–Euler theorem or Euler's totient theorem) states that, if n and a are coprime positive integers, then is congruent to modulo n, where denotes Euler's totient function; that is. In 1736, Leonhard Euler published a proof of Fermat's little theorem [ 1] (stated by Fermat without proof ...
Carmichael function. In number theory, a branch of mathematics, the Carmichael function λ(n) of a positive integer n is the smallest member of the set of positive integers m having the property that. holds for every integer a coprime to n. In algebraic terms, λ(n) is the exponent of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n.
Fermat's little theorem. In number theory, Fermat's little theorem states that if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, the number ap − a is an integer multiple of p. In the notation of modular arithmetic, this is expressed as. For example, if a = 2 and p = 7, then 27 = 128, and 128 − 2 = 126 = 7 × 18 is an integer multiple of 7 .
Euler function. Domain coloring plot of ϕ on the complex plane. In mathematics, the Euler function is given by. {\displaystyle \phi (q)=\prod _ {k=1}^ {\infty } (1-q^ {k}),\quad |q|<1.} Named after Leonhard Euler, it is a model example of a q -series and provides the prototypical example of a relation between combinatorics and complex analysis .
Fermat's little theorem: If p is prime and does not divide a, then a p−1 ≡ 1 (mod p). Euler's theorem: If a and m are coprime, then a φ(m) ≡ 1 (mod m), where φ is Euler's totient function. A simple consequence of Fermat's little theorem is that if p is prime, then a −1 ≡ a p−2 (mod p) is the multiplicative inverse of 0 < a < p.
Modular multiplicative inverse. In mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. [1] In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as.
Amicable numbers are two different natural numbers related in such a way that the sum of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number. That is, s ( a )= b and s ( b )= a, where s ( n )=σ ( n )- n is equal to the sum of positive divisors of n except n itself (see also divisor function ). The smallest pair of amicable numbers is ...