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  2. Value type and reference type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_type_and_reference_type

    Many languages have explicit pointers or references. Reference types differ from these in that the entities they refer to are always accessed via references; for example, whereas in C++ it's possible to have either a std:: string and a std:: string *, where the former is a mutable string and the latter is an explicit pointer to a mutable string (unless it's a null pointer), in Java it is only ...

  3. Evaluation strategy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_strategy

    In a programming language, an evaluation strategy is a set of rules for evaluating expressions. [1] The term is often used to refer to the more specific notion of a parameter-passing strategy [2] that defines the kind of value that is passed to the function for each parameter (the binding strategy) [3] and whether to evaluate the parameters of a function call, and if so in what order (the ...

  4. Parameter (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer...

    In case of call by value, what is passed to the function is the value of the argument – for example, f(2) and a = 2; f(a) are equivalent calls – while in call by reference, with a variable as argument, what is passed is a reference to that variable - even though the syntax for the function call could stay the same. [5]

  5. Lazy evaluation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_evaluation

    Conversely, in an eager language the above definition for ifThenElse a b c would evaluate (a), (b), and (c) regardless of the value of (a). This is not the desired behavior, as (b) or (c) may have side effects, take a long time to compute, or throw errors. It is usually possible to introduce user-defined lazy control structures in eager ...

  6. Reference (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)

    In computer programming, a reference is a value that enables a program to indirectly access a particular datum, such as a variable's value or a record, in the computer's memory or in some other storage device. The reference is said to refer to the datum, and accessing the datum is called dereferencing the reference. A reference is distinct from ...

  7. Calling convention - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_convention

    Options include on the stack, in a register, or reference to something allocated on the heap. How long or complex values are handled, perhaps by splitting across multiple registers, within the stack frame, or with reference to memory. Which registers are guaranteed to have the same value when the callee returns as they did when the callee was ...

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  9. Comparison of Pascal and C - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C

    One of the most important difference between C and Pascal is the way they handle the parameters on stack during a subroutine call : This is called the calling convention : PASCAL-style parameters are pushed on the stack in left-to-right order. The STDCALL calling convention of C pushes the parameters on the stack in right-to-left order.