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Panama is governed under the Constitution of Panama of 1972 as amended in 1978, 1983, 1993, 1994, and 2004. [1] This is Panama's fourth constitution, previous constitutions having been adopted in 1904, 1941, and 1946. The differences among these constitutions have been matters of emphasis and have reflected the political circumstances existing ...
The Colombian gunboat Bogotá fired shells upon Panama City the night of November 3, causing injuries and mortally wounding Mr. Wong Kong Yee of Hong Sang, China. He was the only casualty of independence. [4] With intentions of building the Panama Canal, the US intervened in this revolt at this time.
The Judicial Organ administers justice in a permanent, free and expeditious manner. It comprises the Supreme Court of Justice, the Tribunals, and the judges established by law, according to the constitution of Panama (title VII, chapter 1).
Human Rights in Panama include many ongoing concerns and changes. In recent years, Panama has posted notable improvements to its human rights record. It has committed to respect and protect human rights according to international standards as part of its obligations as a member of the United Nations and the Organization of American States (OAS).
The Public Ministry provided for in the Constitution has defended the interest of the state, fostered the enforcement and execution of laws, judicial decisions, and administrative orders, supervised the official conduct and the performance of duty of public officials, prosecuted offenses of constitutional or legal provisions, and served as legal adviser to administrative officials.
Panama's blended culture is reflected in traditional products, such as woodcarvings, ceremonial masks and pottery, as well as in Panama's architecture, cuisine and festivals. In earlier times, baskets were woven for utilitarian uses, but now many villages rely almost exclusively on income from the baskets they produce for tourists.
Panama gained independence from Spain in 1821 and became one of the departments of the federal Republic of Gran Colombia. [11] The Colombian Constitution of 1821, defined nationals as free persons, born in the territory and their descendants, residents of the country who were had supported independence, and naturalized foreigners. [12]
A constitutional referendum was held in Panama on 15 December 1940. [1] Voters were asked whether the new constitution should be enacted. A reported 99% voted in favour.