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  2. VFR over-the-top - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFR_Over-The-Top

    The flight visibility at the cruising altitude of the aircraft must be at least 5 miles and the weather at the destination aerodrome must be forecast to have a sky condition of scattered cloud or better, a ground visibility of 5 miles or greater with no forecast of precipitation, fog, thunderstorm or blowing snow, and that these conditions must ...

  3. Ceiling (cloud) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling_(cloud)

    The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 6000 meters (20,000 feet) covering more than half the sky. [2] United Kingdom The vertical distance from the elevation of an aerodrome to the lowest part of any cloud visible from the aerodrome which is sufficient to obscure more than half of the sky. [3] United ...

  4. Okta - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okta

    Cloud-cover symbols used on weather teleprinters and aviation reports in the US [6] In the early 20th century, it was common for weather maps to be hand drawn. The symbols for cloud cover on these maps, like the modern symbols, were drawn inside the circle marking the position of the weather station making the measurements.

  5. Visual meteorological conditions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_meteorological...

    VFR / VMC visibility requirements in the US. In aviation, visual meteorological conditions (VMC) is an aviation flight category in which visual flight rules (VFR) flight is permitted—that is, conditions in which pilots have sufficient visibility to fly the aircraft maintaining visual separation from terrain and other aircraft.

  6. A broken sky has thin strips of clear blue peeking through abundant clouds. Broken clouds don’t form a uniform layer across the sky; they can be thinner in spots and thicker in others.

  7. Continued VFR into IMC - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_VFR_into_IMC

    Continued VFR into IMC is when an aircraft operating under visual flight rules intentionally or unintentionally enters into instrument meteorological conditions.Flying an aircraft without visual reference to the ground can lead to a phenomenon known as spatial disorientation, which can cause the pilot to misperceive the angle, altitude, and speed at which they are traveling.

  8. Cumulonimbus and aviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus_and_aviation

    The updraft under the cloud is mostly due to buoyancy, but there is also a large pressure difference between the base and the top of the cumulonimbus (larger than would be found in this height range outside the cloud) and local low-level mechanical lifting such as the lifting generated by a downburst. The two last phenomena can overcome a ...

  9. Passengers experienced ‘hard jolt,’ then ‘free fall’ on ...

    www.aol.com/passengers-experienced-hard-jolt...

    Pilots of a Hawaiian Airlines flight in 2022 that resulted in dozens of turbulence injuries should have gone around a “plume” of bad weather, the NTSB report says.