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Physical activity epidemiology is the study, in human populations, of the frequencies, distributions, and dynamics of physical activity or inactivity. [ 1 ] Physical activity is defined as any voluntary body movement requiring energy expenditure produced by skeletal muscles. [ 1 ]
Also, instead of walking or cycling, many now use passive transportation. Urbanization may also increase physical inactivity: factors such as violence, lack of greenspace, poor air quality, and dense traffic may discourage physical activity. [2] The rise of technology has shifted physical activity patterns, lessening the demand for manual tasks.
Lack of physical education is the inadequacy of the provision and effectiveness of exercise and physical activity within modern education. [1]When physical education fails to meet its goals of providing students with the knowledge base, life habits, and mindset necessary to be physically active throughout their lifetime, [2] it can lead children to adopt a sedentary lifestyle.
A rapid decline in physical activity has occurred between the 1980s and the 2000s. The decline in physical activity is attributed to increasing technology in the workplace and changing leisure activities. [23] In 1989 65% of Chinese had jobs that required heavy labor. This decreased to 51% in the year 2000. [23]
A lack of physical activity is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. [22] [23] At least 300,000 premature deaths, and $90 billion in direct healthcare costs are caused by obesity and sedentary lifestyle per year in the US alone. [24] The risk is higher among those that sit still more than five hours per day.
These diseases are non-communicable, and can be caused by lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating, alcohol, substance use disorders and smoking tobacco, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, obesity, type II diabetes and lung cancer.
Obesity is a physical marker of poor health, increasing the likelihood of various diseases. [2] Due to social constructs surrounding health, the belief that being skinny is healthy and discrimination against those perceived to be 'unhealthy', [3] people who are considered overweight or obese on the BMI scale face many social challenges.
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), also known as non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), [1] is energy expenditure during activities that are not part of a structured exercise program. NEAT includes physical activity at the workplace, hobbies, standing instead of sitting, walking around, climbing stairs, doing chores, and fidgeting .