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DNA nanotechnology, specifically, is an example of bottom-up molecular self-assembly, in which molecular components spontaneously organize into stable structures; the particular form of these structures is induced by the physical and chemical properties of the components selected by the designers. [19]
Nucleic acid design is central to the fields of DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing. [2] It is necessary because there are many possible sequences of nucleic acid strands that will fold into a given secondary structure , but many of these sequences will have undesired additional interactions which must be avoided.
Due to their structure and function, SNAs occupy a materials space distinct from DNA nanotechnology and DNA origami, [20] [21] (although both are important to the field of nucleic acid–guided programmable materials. [22] With DNA origami, such structures are synthesized via DNA hybridization events.
The term has also been used to describe the hierarchical assembly of artificial nucleic acid building blocks used in DNA nanotechnology. [3] The quaternary structure of DNA refers to the formation of chromatin. Because the human genome is so large, DNA must be condensed into chromatin, which consists of repeating units known as nucleosomes.
A nanostructure is a structure of intermediate size between microscopic and molecular structures. Nanostructural detail is microstructure at nanoscale. In describing nanostructures, it is necessary to differentiate between the number of dimensions in the volume of an object which are on the nanoscale.
However, most studies utilizing nanoscale biolistic approaches are done with animal cells, so implementation in plant transformation is still fairly novel and may encounter roadblocks unseen in animal cell studies. [23] Overall, nanotechnology provides a novel and competitive approach to genetic transformation of plants.
The method of DNA origami was developed by Paul Rothemund at the California Institute of Technology. [6] In contrast to common top-down fabrication methods such as 3D printing or lithography which involve depositing or removing material through a tool, DNA Nanotechnology, as well as DNA Origami as a subset, is a bottom-up fabrication method.
As a nucleic acid structure, i-motif DNA stability is dependent on the nature of the sequence, temperature, and ionic strength. The structural stability of i-motif DNA is mainly reliant on the fact that there is minimal overlap between the six-membered aromatic pyrimidine bases due to the consecutive base pairs' intercalative geometry.