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Sails may be made from a combination of woven materials—including canvas or polyester cloth, laminated membranes or bonded filaments, usually in a three- or four-sided shape. A sail provides propulsive force via a combination of lift and drag, depending on its angle of attack, its angle with respect to the apparent wind. Apparent wind is the ...
The oldest surviving camera photograph, by Nicéphore Niépce, 1826 or 1827 [1] View of the Boulevard du Temple, first photograph including a person (on pavement at lower left), by Daguerre, 1838 First durable color photograph, 1861 An 1877 photographic color print on paper by Louis Ducos du Hauron. The irregular edges of the superimposed cyan ...
Special backs for plate cameras allowing them to use film packs or rollfilm were also available, as were backs that enabled rollfilm cameras to use plates. Except for a few special types such as Schmidt cameras , most professional astrographs continued to use plates until the end of the 20th century when electronic photography replaced them.
View from the Window at Le Gras 1826 or 1827, believed to be the earliest surviving camera photograph. [1] Original (left) and colorized reoriented enhancement (right).. The history of photography began with the discovery of two critical principles: The first is camera obscura image projection; the second is the discovery that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light. [2]
In 1839, the daguerreotype photographic process invented in France was introduced into the United States by an Englishman named D.W. Seager, who took the first photograph of a view of St. Paul’s Church and a corner of the Astor House in Lower Manhattan in New York City.
Iron-hulled sailing ships represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. [20] They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other sail plans. They ...
Digital cameras may choose to emulate traditional manual controls (rings, dials, sprung levers, and buttons) or it may instead provide a touchscreen interface for all functions; most camera phones fall into the latter category. Digital photography spans a wide range of applications with a long history.
Various cameras were invented which replaced the hand crank with an electric motor, or with a mainspring and gears, or with gears driven by compressed air. The Aeroscope was a compressed air camera designed by Prószyński, one that proved reliable and popular. Hundreds of Aeroscopes were used during World War I by British war journalists ...