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Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension .
Safety glass is glass with additional safety features that make it less likely to break, or less likely to pose a threat when broken. Common designs include toughened glass (also known as tempered glass), laminated glass , and wire mesh glass (also known as wired glass).
An MS-DOS command line, illustrating parsing into command and arguments. A command-line argument or parameter is an item of information provided to a program when it is started. [23] A program can have many command-line arguments that identify sources or destinations of information, or that alter the operation of the program.
Also unlike toughened glass, chemically strengthened glass may be cut after strengthening, but loses its added strength within approximately 20 mm of the cut. Similarly, when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength. Another negative of chemically strengthened glass is the added cost.
In toughened glass, compressive stresses are induced on the surface of the glass, balanced by tensile stresses in the body of the glass. Due to the residual compressive stress on the surface, toughened glass is more resistant to cracks, but shatter into small shards when the outer surface is broken.
Bulletproof glass of a jeweler's window after a burglary attempt. The Mona Lisa behind bulletproof glass at the Louvre Museum. Bulletproof glass, ballistic glass, transparent armor, or bullet-resistant glass is a strong and optically transparent material that is particularly resistant to penetration by projectiles, although, like any other material, it is not completely impenetrable.
Imperfections of the glass, such as bubbles, and in particular surface flaws, such as scratches, have a great effect on the strength of glass and decrease it even more than for other brittle materials. [2] [1] The chemical composition of the glass also impacts its tensile strength. [3]
In a monolithic Pd–Ag–P–Si–Ge glass alloy, the properties of high bulk modulus and low shear modulus lead to proliferation of shear bands. These bands are self constrained and the toughness is improved. [3] Metals can be toughened by improvement of processing. With a high affinity for oxygen, titanium alloy can absorb oxygen easily. [4]