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Trickle-down theory" or "Trickle-down effect" can refer to two different but related concepts: Trickle-down fashion , a model of product adoption in marketing Trickle-down economics , a theory for tax cuts on high incomes and business activity
Trickle-down economics is a pejorative term for government economic policies deemed to disproportionately favor the upper tier of the economic spectrum (wealthy individuals and large corporations) under the belief that this will eventually benefit the economy as a whole.
The effect also has been related to the Unruh effect which, up to now, under experimentally achievable conditions is too small to be observed. The equilibrium polarization given by the Sokolov and Ternov has corrections when the orbit is not perfectly planar. The formula has been generalized by Derbenev and Kondratenko and others. [6]
Trickle-down economics; Trickle-down fashion; Trickle-up economics; Trickle-up fashion; Twisted nematic field effect (display technology) (liquid crystal displays) (liquid crystals) Twomey effect (air pollution) (atmospheric radiation) (clouds, fog and precipitation) Tyndall effect (physical phenomena) (scattering)
The Stokes I, Q, U and V parameters. The Stokes parameters are a set of values that describe the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation.They were defined by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, [1] [2] as a mathematically convenient alternative to the more common description of incoherent or partially polarized radiation in terms of its total intensity (I), (fractional) degree of ...
The first nonlinear optical effect to be predicted was two-photon absorption, by Maria Goeppert Mayer for her PhD in 1931, but it remained an unexplored theoretical curiosity until 1961 and the almost simultaneous observation of two-photon absorption at Bell Labs [4] and the discovery of second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken et al. at University of Michigan, both shortly after the ...
Sisyphus cooling can be achieved by shining two counter-propagating laser beams with orthogonal polarization onto an atom sample. Atoms moving through the potential landscape along the direction of the standing wave lose kinetic energy as they move to a potential maximum, at which point optical pumping moves them back to a lower energy state, thus lowering the total energy of the atom.
Polarizability increases down on columns of the periodic table. [9] Likewise, larger molecules are generally more polarizable than smaller ones. Water is a very polar molecule, but alkanes and other hydrophobic molecules are more polarizable. Water with its permanent dipole is less likely to change shape due to an external electric field.