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Occult - Esoteric and supernatural beliefs outside of organised religion; Proto-Gnosticism - Christian religious movements similar to Gnosticism that existed in the first few centuries of Christianity; Pythagoreanism - Philosophy based off the teachings and beliefs of the 6th century BCE philosopher and polymath, Pythagoras
The supernatural is featured in folklore and religious contexts, [4] but can also feature as an explanation in more secular contexts, as in the cases of superstitions or belief in the paranormal. [5] The term is attributed to non-physical entities, such as angels, demons, gods and spirits.
Conway Hall, home of the Conway Hall Ethical Society, is the oldest freethought community in the world (established 1793).. Irreligious organizations promote the view that moral standards should be based solely on naturalistic considerations, without reference to supernatural concepts (such as God or an afterlife), any desire to do good for a reward after death, or any fear of punishment for ...
Contemporary discussions of the ethics of belief stem largely from a famous nineteenth-century exchange between the British mathematician and philosopher W. K. Clifford and the American philosopher William James. In 1877 Clifford published an article titled "The Ethics of Belief" in the journal The Contemporary Review. There Clifford argued for ...
Spiritualism is a metaphysical belief that the world is made up of at least two fundamental substances, matter and spirit.This very broad metaphysical distinction is further developed into many and various forms by the inclusion of details about what spiritual entities exist such as a soul, the afterlife, spirits of the dead, deities and mediums; as well as details about the nature of the ...
Platonist ethics is based on the Form of the Good. Virtue is knowledge, the recognition of the supreme form of the good. [6] And, since in this cognition, the three parts of the soul, which are reason, spirit, and appetite, all have their share, we get the three virtues, Wisdom, Courage, and Moderation. [6]
A contemporary example is the spiritual philosophy outlined in The Book of Eden by poet and philosopher, Athol Williams. The number of individuals practising non-religious spirituality has continued to rise in the modern world, where the practice of institutionalised religion is declining and more people choose to identify as spiritual but not ...
Religious responses to the beauty, order, and importance of nature (as the conditions that enable all forms of life) When the term religious is used with respect to religious naturalism, it is understood in a general way—separate from the beliefs or practices of specific established religions, but including types of questions, aspirations, values, attitudes, feelings, and practices that are ...