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The dose required should be monitored by blood testing. [5] Gentamicin can cause inner ear problems and kidney problems. [5] The inner ear problems can include problems with balance and hearing loss. [5] These problems may be permanent. [5] If used during pregnancy, it can cause harm to the developing fetus. [5]
There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity should not be confused with some medications predominantly excreted by the kidneys needing their dose adjusted for the decreased kidney function (e.g., heparin, lithium).
If a person has end-stage kidney disease and has no useful remaining kidney function, then aminoglycosides can be used, but only if drug levels can be easily measured (often only amikacin levels can be measured). In mild kidney impairment, no change needs to be made in dosing any of the other drugs routinely used in the treatment of TB.
Loop diuretics is a major class of diuretic drugs indicated for oedema due to heart failure, liver disease and kidney disease. It is also used for treating hypertension. [26] Common examples include furosemide, bumetanide and ethacrynic acid. Loop diuretics act on the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney nephrons.
Kidney disease can affect drug elimination, absorption, and distribution in the body, leading to altered serum drug concentrations. This can increase the risk of drug toxicity or suboptimal therapeutic effects. As a result, dosage adjustments are necessary for patients who fail to achieve the desired therapeutic serum drug levels. [27]
Amikacin can cause neurotoxicity if used at a higher dose or for longer than recommended. The resulting effects of neurotoxicity include vertigo, numbness, tingling of the skin (paresthesia), muscle twitching, and seizures. [9] Its toxic effect on the 8th cranial nerve causes ototoxicity, resulting in loss of balance and, more commonly, hearing ...
Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease: Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea; Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions; Brain and kidney damage (rare) Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls ...
For example, steady-state concentrations of drugs eliminated mostly by the kidney are usually greater in patients with kidney failure than they are in patients with normal kidney function receiving the same drug dosage. Population pharmacokinetics seeks to identify the measurable pathophysiologic factors and explain sources of variability that ...
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