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The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the differences between the variable's extreme values. In older texts, the phase of a periodic function is sometimes called the amplitude. [1]
A wave function for a single electron on 5d atomic orbital of a hydrogen atom. The solid body shows the places where the electron's probability density is above a certain value (here 0.02 nm −3): this is calculated from the probability amplitude. The hue on the colored surface shows the complex phase of the wave function.
(Oscillatory) displacement amplitude: Any quantity symbol typically subscripted with 0, m or max, or the capitalized letter (if displacement was in lower case). Here for generality A 0 is used and can be replaced. m [L] (Oscillatory) velocity amplitude V, v 0, v m. Here v 0 is used. m s −1 [L][T] −1 (Oscillatory) acceleration amplitude A, a ...
Otherwise it is called unwrapped phase, which is a continuous function of argument t, assuming s a (t) is a continuous function of t. Unless otherwise indicated, the continuous form should be inferred. Instantaneous phase vs time. The function has two true discontinuities of 180° at times 21 and 59, indicative of amplitude zero-crossings.
A similar calculation indicates that the peak mains voltage in Europe is about 325 volts, and the peak-to-peak mains voltage, about 650 volts. RMS quantities such as electric current are usually calculated over one cycle. However, for some purposes the RMS current over a longer period is required when calculating transmission power losses.
In engineering, signal processing, and mathematics, Fourier analysis decomposes general functions into a sum of sine waves of various frequencies, relative phases, and magnitudes. When any two sine waves of the same frequency (but arbitrary phase ) are linearly combined , the result is another sine wave of the same frequency; this property is ...
Half width at half maximum (HWHM) is half of the FWHM if the function is symmetric. The term full duration at half maximum (FDHM) is preferred when the independent variable is time . FWHM is applied to such phenomena as the duration of pulse waveforms and the spectral width of sources used for optical communications and the resolution of ...
The envelope thus generalizes the concept of a constant amplitude into an instantaneous amplitude. The figure illustrates a modulated sine wave varying between an upper envelope and a lower envelope. The envelope function may be a function of time, space, angle, or indeed of any variable. Envelope for a modulated sine wave.