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Cellular network standards and generation timeline. This is a comparison of standards of wireless networking technologies for devices such as mobile phones.A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s.
TDMA frame structure showing a data stream divided into frames and those frames divided into time slots. Time-division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared-medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. [1]
Typical 2G standards include GSM and IS-95 with extensions via GPRS, EDGE and 1xRTT, providing Internet access to users of originally voice centric 2G networks. Both EDGE and 1xRTT are 3G standards, as defined by the ITU , but are usually marketed as 2.9G due to their comparatively low speeds and high delays when compared to true 3G technologies.
A CSD call functions in a very similar way to a normal voice call in a GSM network. A single dedicated radio time slot is allocated between the phone and the base station . A dedicated "sub-time slot" (16 kbit/s) is allocated from the base station to the transcoder , and finally, another time slot (64 kbit/s) is allocated from the transcoder to ...
Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310 km & 382 km) iBurst: 802.20: Mobile Internet: HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO: 95: 36: Cell Radius: 3–12 km Speed: 250 km/h Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell Spectrum ...
An Android phone, showing that it is connected to a 5G network An Apple iPhone showing that it is connected to a 5G Network. In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation of cellular network technology, which mobile operators began deploying worldwide in 2019 as the successor to 4G. 5G is based on standards defined by the International Telecommunication Union under the IMT-2020 ...
For example, one version of the Nokia 6340i GAIT phone sold in North America can operate on GSM-1900, GSM-850 and legacy TDMA-1900, TDMA-800, and AMPS-800, making it both multi-mode and multi-band. As a more recent example the Apple iPhone 5 and iPhone 4S support quad-band GSM at 850/900/1800/1900 MHz, quad-band UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA at 850/900/1900 ...
[1] [2] [3] In 1999 ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation. [4] The five standards are: [5] IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread. also known as W-CDMA, used in UMTS, the successor to GSM; IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-Carrier. also known as CDMA2000, the successor to 2G CDMA ; IMT-2000 CDMA TDD. also known as ...