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The pharmacology of estradiol, an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone, concerns its pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and various routes of administration. [1] [2] [3] Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous ...
Side effects of estradiol acetate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. [7] [5] [6] Estradiol acetate is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. [8] [9] It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body.
[167] [168] Sublingual estradiol valerate is used for cycle control in egg donation and surrogacy in cisgender women and is used in hormone therapy for transgender women. [167] [168] [169] Cyclodextrin-containing formulations of sublingual estradiol with improved water solubility and absorption have been developed and studied. [170] [171] [172 ...
As unopposed estrogen therapy (using estrogen alone without progesterone) increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer in women with intact uteruses, estradiol is usually combined with a progestogen like progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate to prevent the effects of estradiol on the endometrium.
List of side effects of estradiol which may occur as a result of its use or have been associated with estrogen and/or progestogen therapy includes: [1] [2]. Gynecological: changes in vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, increase in size of uterine leiomyomata, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis, changes in cervical secretion and cervical ectropion, ovarian cancer, endometrial hyperplasia ...
Side effects of estradiol valerate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. [15] [13] [14] Estradiol valerate is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. [5] [4] [16] It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body.
[84] [85] [86] The preceding side effects of synthetic estrogens do not appear to occur in pregnant women, who already have very high estrogen levels. [84] This suggests that these effects are due to estrogenic activity. [84] Synthetic estrogens have markedly stronger effects on the liver and hepatic protein synthesis than natural estrogens.
Estetrol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [2] [3] Due to its estrogenic activity, estetrol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production and levels in both women and men.
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