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Chlorine-releasing compounds are the most popular and frequently used in swimming pools whereas bromine-releasing compounds have found heightened popularity in spas and hot tubs. Both are members of the halogen group with demonstrated ability to destroy and deactivate a wide range of potentially dangerous bacteria and viruses in swimming pools ...
Trichloroisocyanuric acid is an organic compound with the formula (CONCl) 3.It is used as an industrial disinfectant, bleaching agent and a reagent in organic synthesis. [1] [2] [3] This white crystalline powder, which has a strong "chlorine odour," is sometimes sold in tablet or granule form for domestic and industrial use.
Designated as an American National Standard, the Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code (USPSHTC) is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare.
Industrially, it is mainly produced by the reaction of hydrogen gas with bromine gas at 200–400 °C with a platinum catalyst. However, reduction of bromine with red phosphorus is a more practical way to produce hydrogen bromide in the laboratory: [2] 2 P + 6 H 2 O + 3 Br 2 → 6 HBr + 2 H 3 PO 3 H 3 PO 3 + H 2 O + Br 2 → 2 HBr + H 3 PO 4
Bond energies to bromine tend to be lower than those to chlorine but higher than those to iodine, and bromine is a weaker oxidising agent than chlorine but a stronger one than iodine. This can be seen from the standard electrode potentials of the X 2 /X − couples (F, +2.866 V; Cl, +1.395 V; Br, +1.087 V; I, +0.615 V; At, approximately +0.3 V).
Pool and spa service technicians provide services in the swimming pool and spa industry. There are various national trade associations in the United States that offer memberships in these services, including the Pool & Hot Tub Alliance, [1] the Independent Pool And Spa Service Association, Inc. [2] and the United Pool Association. [3]
The earliest hot tubs were calderas in which hot stones were placed to heat the water. [citation needed] Therma in Ikaria has been a very popular place particularly for hydrotherapy ever since the 4th century B.C. [2] The remains of wrecked marble bathtubs along with a prehistoric aqueduct that have been unearthed from this area bear ample testimony of the place's popularity in the ancient times.
ThermoSpas is an American brand of hot tubs, headquartered in Wallingford, Connecticut. Founded in 1983, it was purchased by a subsidiary of Jacuzzi Group Worldwide in 2012 and now operates under the name ThermoSpas Hot Tub Products, Inc. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]