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The oscillatory nature of the flow produces a fluctuating lift force on the cylinder, even though the net (mean) force is negligible. The lift force frequency is characterised by the dimensionless Strouhal number, which depends on the Reynolds number of the flow. [78] [79] For a flexible structure, this oscillatory lift force may induce vortex ...
The force on a rotating cylinder is an example of Kutta–Joukowski lift, [2] named after Martin Kutta and Nikolay Zhukovsky (or Joukowski), mathematicians who contributed to the knowledge of how lift is generated in a fluid flow. [3]
It is also useful to show the relationship between section lift coefficient and drag coefficient. The section lift coefficient is based on two-dimensional flow over a wing of infinite span and non-varying cross-section so the lift is independent of spanwise effects and is defined in terms of L ′ {\displaystyle L^{\prime }} , the lift force ...
Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil, if the behaviour of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known. For example, if the air flowing past the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing past the bottom surface, then Bernoulli's principle implies that the pressure on the ...
For small angle of attack starting flow, the vortex sheet follows a planar path, and the curve of the lift coefficient as function of time is given by the Wagner function. [9] In this case the initial lift is one half of the final lift given by the Kutta–Joukowski formula. [10] The lift attains 90% of its steady state value when the wing has ...
A body is said to be "free" when it is singled out from other bodies for the purposes of dynamic or static analysis. The object does not have to be "free" in the sense of being unforced, and it may or may not be in a state of equilibrium; rather, it is not fixed in place and is thus "free" to move in response to forces and torques it may experience.
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drag force F d. Using the algorithm of the Buckingham π theorem, these five variables can be reduced to two dimensionless groups: drag coefficient c d and; Reynolds number Re. That this is so becomes apparent when the drag force F d is expressed as part of a function of the other variables in the problem: