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As an example of the political representation imbalances, out of the more than 12,000 people who have ever served in the U.S. Congress, only 362 (3%) are women. Several reasons exist for the gender imbalances observed in politics and government analyses. One such reason is the existence of significant gender gaps in contemporary public policy ...
In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends (), and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded or promoted on the basis of some ...
A civil service official, also known as a public servant or public employee, is a person employed in the public sector by a government department or agency for public sector undertakings. Civil servants work for central and state governments, and answer to the government, not a political party. [1] [2]
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act provided for the selection of some government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote these government officials for political reasons and created the United States Civil Service Commission to enforce the merit ...
In political science, it is the subset of positive political theory that studies self-interested agents (voters, politicians, bureaucrats) and their interactions, which can be represented in a number of ways—using (for example) standard constrained utility maximization, game theory, or decision theory. [1]
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Term Description Examples Autocracy: Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).
In 2007, the U.S. Government Accountability Office published an examination of the deaths of several teens attending programs in which endurance tests were part of their treatment. In testimony before Congress, GAO officials quoted from one program brochure, which advertised that the first five days were “days and nights of physical and ...