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[24] [26] [27] [25] Aerodynamics are often considered when quantifying aerial locomotion, as aerodynamic forces (e.g. lift or drag) are able to influence flight performance. [28] Key parameters from these three categories are defined as follows:
At the Reynolds numbers considered here, an appropriate force unit is 1/2(ρU 2 S), where ρ is the density of the fluid, S the wing area, and U the wing speed. The dimensionless forces are called lift ( C L ) and drag ( C D ) coefficients, that is: [ 8 ]
During parachuting, animals use the aerodynamic forces on their body to counteract the force of gravity. Any object moving through air experiences a drag force that is proportional to surface area and velocity squared; this force will partially counter the force of gravity, slowing the animal's descent to a safer speed.
Page of one of the first works of Biomechanics (De Motu Animalium of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli) in the 17th centuryBiomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, [1] using the methods of mechanics. [2]
Forces of flight on a powered aircraft in unaccelerated level flight. Understanding the motion of air around an object (often called a flow field) enables the calculation of forces and moments acting on the object. In many aerodynamics problems, the forces of interest are the fundamental forces of flight: lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Of ...
The fundamentals of bird flight are similar to those of aircraft, in which the aerodynamic forces sustaining flight are lift, drag, and thrust. Lift force is produced by the action of air flow on the wing, which is an airfoil. The airfoil is shaped such that the air provides a net upward force on the wing, while the movement of air is directed ...
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This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...