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The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon and Sassanid city of Ctesiphon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture, arts, and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam.
During the Abbasid period, Arabic calligraphy evolved into a more refined discipline. [30] The earliest style of calligraphy used for Abbasid Qur'ans was known as the Kufic script—a script distinguished by precise, angular letters, generous spacing, horizontal extension of letters at the baseline and an emphasis on geometric proportion. [31]
The Mahd Al Dhahab (Arabic: مَـهـد الـذّهـب, "Cradle of (the) Gold"), is a small gold mining area in the Arabian Peninsula. It is located in the Medina Province in the Hejaz in Saudi Arabia. Gold was first mined in Arabia c. 30th century BC. A second period of activity was during the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258
Umayyad gold Dinar, minted 692 C.E., obverse with three figures, reverse with altered "cross on steps" design. The gold coins were first struck to the contemporary standard of 4.4 grams and with one or more Arabic Standing figures on the obverse and an Arabic legend on the reverse. Dated coins exist from 680 (AH 74) and are named as 'Dinars'.
The first European version of The Meadows of Gold was published in both French and Arabic between 1861 and 1877 by the Societe Asiatique of Paris by Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille. For over 100 years this version was the standard version used by Western scholars until Charles Pellat published a French revision between 1966 and 1974.
The murder of al-Mutawakkil began the tumultuous period known as "Anarchy at Samarra", which lasted until 870 and brought the Abbasid Caliphate to the brink of collapse. [13] Pressured by the Turkish commanders Wasif al-Turki and Bugha al-Saghir, both al-Mu'tazz and al-Mu'ayyad renounced their places in the succession on 27 April 862. [14]
Islamic currency consisted of gold , silver , and copper or bronze coins, as well as their fractions and multiples. Initially these coins followed pre-Islamic patterns in iconography, but under Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan , a distinctive Islamic dinar type was created that eschewed images and carried the Islamic profession of faith .
The brothers contributed to the House of Wisdom, a research body which was established by the Abbasid Caliphate. The 12th century scholar-inventor Ismail al-Jazari, in his writings describes of numerous mechanical devices, ideas on automation and construction methods, most notable among them being the Elephant clock. [127]