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In the small-angle approximation, the motion of a simple pendulum is approximated by simple harmonic motion. The period of a mass attached to a pendulum of length l with gravitational acceleration g {\displaystyle g} is given by T = 2 π l g {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {l}{g}}}}
A simple pendulum exhibits approximately simple harmonic motion under the conditions of no damping and small amplitude. Assuming no damping, the differential equation governing a simple pendulum of length l {\displaystyle l} , where g {\displaystyle g} is the local acceleration of gravity , is d 2 θ d t 2 + g l sin θ = 0. {\displaystyle ...
The motion is simple harmonic motion where θ 0 is the amplitude of the oscillation (that is, the maximum angle between the rod of the pendulum and the vertical). The corresponding approximate period of the motion is then
The time taken for an oscillation to occur is often referred to as the oscillatory period. The systems where the restoring force on a body is directly proportional to its displacement, such as the dynamics of the spring-mass system, are described mathematically by the simple harmonic oscillator and the regular periodic motion is known as simple ...
For a simple harmonic oscillator released from rest, regardless of its initial displacement, the time it takes to reach the lowest potential energy point is always a quarter of its period, which is independent of its amplitude. Therefore, the Lagrangian of a simple harmonic oscillator is isochronous.
The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. The period depends on the length of the pendulum and also to a slight degree on the amplitude, the width of the pendulum's swing. The regular motion of pendulums was used for timekeeping and was the world's most accurate timekeeping technology until the 1930s ...
The restoring force is often referred to in simple harmonic motion. The force responsible for restoring original size and shape is called the restoring force. [1] [2] An example is the action of a spring. An idealized spring exerts a force proportional to the amount of deformation of the spring from its equilibrium length, exerted in a ...
The solution to this equation of motion for the balance is simple harmonic motion; i.e., a sinusoidal motion of constant period: = + () Thus, the following equation for the periodicity of oscillation can be extracted from the above results: T = 2 π I κ {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {I}{\kappa }}}\,} This period controls the rate ...