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Anemia is a condition in which blood has a lower-than-normal amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin. [1] Anemia in pregnancy is a decrease in the total red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood during pregnancy. Anemia is an extremely common condition in pregnancy world-wide, conferring a number of health risks to mother and child. [2]
During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [22] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [24] Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in hematocrit or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell concentration.
During the first 3 months of pregnancy, the main form of hemoglobin in the embryo/fetus is embryonic hemoglobin, which has 3 variants depending on the types of subunits it contains. The production of hemoglobin F starts from week 6, but it's only from 3 months onwards that it becomes the main type found in fetal red blood cells. [ 4 ]
This condition is most prevalent in children [16] [17] with also an above average prevalence in elderly [1] and women of reproductive age (especially during pregnancy). [14] Anemia is one of the six WHO global nutrition targets for 2025 and for diet-related global targets endorsed by World Health Assembly in 2012 and 2013.
Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron. [3] Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. [3] When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as feeling tired, weak, short of breath, or having decreased ability to exercise. [1]
Pregnant women: 11 to 14 g/dL (110 to 140 g/L, or 6.83 to 8.69 mmol/L) (9.5 to 15 usual value during pregnancy) [93] [b] Normal values of hemoglobin in the 1st and 3rd trimesters of pregnant women must be at least 11 g/dL and at least 10.5 g/dL during the 2nd trimester.
The normal daily temperature variation is typically 0.5 °C (0.90 °F), but can be greater among people recovering from a fever. [15] An organism at optimum temperature is considered afebrile, meaning "without fever". [26] If temperature is raised, but the setpoint is not raised, then the result is hyperthermia.
Folate deficiency anemia during pregnancy may give rise to the birth of low weight birth premature infants and infants with neural tube defects. [6] Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency within a few months. [1] Otherwise, causes may include increased needs as with pregnancy, and in those with shortened red blood cell ...