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  2. Plane (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a Euclidean plane is a Euclidean space of dimension two, denoted or . It is a geometric space in which two real numbers are required to determine the position of each point . It is an affine space , which includes in particular the concept of parallel lines .

  3. Kirsti Andersen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsti_Andersen

    In 1992 her book [4] on Brook Taylor appeared, and she wrote on the alternative "plan and elevation technique". [5] In 2007 her The Geometry of an Art provided a comprehensive study. According to the publisher’s summary, the book is a "case study of the difficulties in bridging the gap between those with mathematical knowledge and the ...

  4. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    The elevation is the signed angle from the x-y reference plane to the radial line segment OP, where positive angles are designated as upward, towards the zenith reference. Elevation is 90 degrees (= ⁠ π / 2 ⁠ radians) minus inclination. Thus, if the inclination is 60 degrees (= ⁠ π / 3 ⁠ radians), then the elevation is 30 degrees ...

  5. Contour line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_line

    They are used at a variety of scales, from large-scale engineering drawings and architectural plans, through topographic maps and bathymetric charts, up to continental-scale maps. "Contour line" is the most common usage in cartography, but isobath for underwater depths on bathymetric maps and isohypse for elevations are also used.

  6. Topology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology

    A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...

  7. Multiview orthographic projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic...

    Comparison of several types of graphical projection, including elevation and plan views. To render each such picture, a ray of sight (also called a projection line, projection ray or line of sight) towards the object is chosen, which determines on the object various points of interest (for instance, the points that are visible when looking at the object along the ray of sight); those points of ...

  8. Geometric design of roads - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads

    Tangent elevation = elevation of a point along the initial tangent; x = horizontal distance from BVC; Y (offset) = vertical distance from the initial tangent to a point on the curve; Y ′ = curve elevation = tangent elevation — offset [2]

  9. Height - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height

    Furthermore, if the point is attached to the Earth (e.g., a mountain peak), then altitude (height above sea level) is called elevation. [2] In a two-dimensional Cartesian space, height is measured along the vertical axis (y) between a specific point and another that does not have the same y-value.