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Claude Garamond. Claude Garamont (c. 1510 –1561), [1] known commonly as Claude Garamond, was a French type designer, publisher and punch-cutter based in Paris. [2] [3] Garamond worked as an engraver of punches, the masters used to stamp matrices, the moulds used to cast metal type.
Woodblock printing had been known in China for centuries. It was innovations in type casting that made for Gutenberg's breakthrough of commercially printing. [1] Although using matrices was a technique known well before his time, Johannes Gutenberg adapted their use to a conveniently adjustable hand mould, enabling one to easily and accurately cast identical multiple instances of any character.
Then, using acid to etch the image, he created raised surfaces on the plate where the drawn lines were. This technique transformed the flat image into a printing plate that could be used for relief printing, similar to traditional typesetting methods. [2] This process, a zincography innovation, became known as gillotage.
In 1470 Johann Heynlin set up a printing press in Paris. In 1473 Kasper Straube published the Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474 in Kraków. Dirk Martens set up a printing press in Aalst in 1473. He printed a book about the two lovers of Enea Piccolomini who became Pope Pius II. In 1476 a printing press was set up in England by William Caxton.
A stereotype mold ("flong") being made Stereotype casting room of the Seattle Daily Times, c. 1900. In printing, a stereotype, [note 1] stereoplate or simply a stereo, is a solid plate of type metal, cast from a papier-mâché or plaster mould taken from the surface of a forme of type. [1]: stereotype The mould was known as a flong. [note 2]
The early printers in Spain were Germans who began printing in contemporary roman types but soon gave these up and adopted Gothic typefaces based on the letterforms of Spanish manuscripts. Valencia in the Kingdom of Aragon was the location of the first press, established in 1473. From there printers moved to other cities to set up presses.
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus.
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