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[12] [page needed] Around 1,800,000 buildings and half of the bridges had been destroyed. Production output fell to 20% of its level before the war and Polish industry suffered the loss of an estimated 73 billion French francs. [13] The British Director of Relief summarized the situation in Poland as following: [14]
A Life for Poland (1982), scholarly biography; Karski, Jan. The great powers and Poland: From Versailles to Yalta (2014) Kochanski, Halik. The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (2012) Korbel, Josef. Poland Between East and West: Soviet and German Diplomacy toward Poland, 1919–1933 (Princeton University Press, 1963 ...
From 1795 to 1918, Poland was split between Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and Russia and had no independent existence. In 1795 the third and the last of the three 18th-century partitions of Poland ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Before World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. [1] In August 1914, the magazine The Independent wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". [2] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German–Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September.
Poland's top government officials and military high command fled the war zone and arrived at the Romanian Bridgehead in mid-September. After the Soviet entry they sought refuge in Romania. [164] [165] [166] Map of Poland following the German and Soviet invasions (1939)
Demonstration against the Treaty in front of the Reichstag building. After the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919, between Germany on the one side and France, Italy, Britain and other minor allied powers on the other, officially ended war between those countries.
A list of survivors from the Island of Ireland who served in World War 1 and who returned home either to Ireland or elsewhere; Department of the Taoiseach: Irish Soldiers in the First World War; Jeffery, Prof. Keith: Ireland and the First World War from "Irish History Live" at Queen's University, Belfast; The Irish Story archive on World War I