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[5] [10] [33] [34] [35] This was the advent of Ethanol (commonly known as ‘drinking alcohol’), the first general anaesthetic agent. [1] [2] [3] [7] These accounts of the anesthetic uses of ethanol come from the oldest known historical civilization of Sumer and are documented in the oldest known writing system Cuneiform.
To determine the depth of anesthesia, the anesthetist relies on a series of physical signs of the patient. In 1847, John Snow (1813–1858) [1] and Francis Plomley [2] attempted to describe various stages of general anesthesia, but Guedel in 1937 described a detailed system which was generally accepted. [3] [4] [5]
Another commonly used alpha-2 adrenergic agonist is dexmedetomidine, which is commonly used to provide a short term sedative effect (<24 hours). Dexmedetomidine and certain atypical antipsychotic agents may be also used in uncooperative children. [27] Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used
Anesthesia is a combination of the endpoints (discussed above) that are reached by drugs acting on different but overlapping sites in the central nervous system. General anesthesia (as opposed to sedation or regional anesthesia) has three main goals: lack of movement , unconsciousness, and blunting of the stress response. In the early days of ...
Structures of general anaesthetics widely used in medicine. [1] 1 - ethanol, 2 - chloroform, 3 - diethyl ether, 4 - fluroxene, 5 - halothane, 6 - methoxyflurane, 7 - enflurane, 8 - isoflurane, 9 - desflurane, 10 - sevoflurane. A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic) is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. [2]
Healthcare providers closely monitor individuals under general anesthesia and utilize a number of devices, such as an endotracheal tube, to ensure patient safety. [ 3 ] General anesthetics also affect the chemoreceptor trigger zone and brainstem vomiting center , eliciting nausea and vomiting following treatment.
American Journal of Public Health 90.5 (2000): 707+. online; Burnham, J.C. Health Care in America: A History (Johns Hopkins UP, 2015), a standard comprehensive scholarly history; online. Byrd, W.M. and L.A. Clayton. An American health dilemma: A medical history of African Americans and the problem of race: Beginnings to 1900 (Routledge, 2012).
Anesthesiology, anaesthesiology or anaesthesia is the medical specialty concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. [1] It encompasses anesthesia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, and pain medicine. [2]