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Gertrude Barrows Bennett (September 18, 1884 – February 2, 1948), known by the pseudonym Francis Stevens, was a pioneering American author of fantasy and science fiction. [3] Bennett wrote a number of fantasies between 1917 and 1923 [4] and has been called "the woman who invented dark fantasy". [5]
A strict definition for dark fantasy is difficult to pin down. Gertrude Barrows Bennett has been called "the woman who invented dark fantasy". [2] Both Charles L. Grant [3] and Karl Edward Wagner [4] are credited with having coined the term "dark fantasy"—although both authors were describing different styles of fiction.
In many respects, Morris was an important milestone in the history of fantasy, because, while other writers wrote of foreign lands, or of dream worlds, Morris's works were the first to be set in an entirely invented world: a fantasy world. [36] These fantasy worlds were part of a general trend.
In the view of Jared Shurin, grimdark fantasy has three key components: a grim and dark tone, a sense of realism (for example, monarchs are useless and heroes are flawed), and the agency of the protagonists: whereas in high fantasy everything is predestined and the tension revolves around how the heroes defeat the Dark Lord, grimdark is ...
Tolkien's elves were followed by Poul Anderson's grim Norse-style elves of human size, in his 1954 fantasy The Broken Sword. [7] Guy Gavriel Kay's Fionavar Tapestry series, starting with his 1984 fantasy The Summer Tree, includes both lios alfar (light elves) and swart alfar (dark elves), using variations on the original Norse or Icelandic terms.
Dark fantasy, including elements of horror fiction; Extruded fantasy product, derogatory term for derivative works [35] Fables, stories with non-human characters, leading to "morals" or lessons; Fairy tales themselves, as well as fairytale fantasy, which draws on fairy tale themes; Fantastic poetry, poetry with a fantastic theme
Indeed, the literary fairy tale developed so smoothly into fantasy that many later works (such as Max Beerbohm's The Happy Hypocrite and George MacDonald's Phantastes) that would now be called fantasies were called fairy tales at the time they written. [33] J. R. R. Tolkien's seminal essay on fantasy writing was titled "On Fairy Stories."
Charles Saunders's Imaro novels, beginning with Imaro (1981), a collection of short stories first published in the seventies for Dark Fantasy fanzine. Imaro was the first notable black sword and sorcery protagonist. L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter had created Juma of Kush as a secondary character in a short story published in 1967.