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Medetomidine is a veterinary anesthetic drug with potent sedative effects and emerging illicit drug adulterant. [ 1 ] It is a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers , levomedetomidine and dexmedetomidine , the latter being the isomer with the pharmacologic effect as an alpha 2- adrenergic agonist .
[1] [2] It contains medetomidine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, as the hydrochloride; and vatinoxan, an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, as the hydrochloride. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was approved for veterinary use in the United States in May 2022, [ 2 ] and in Canada in May 2023.
Dexmedetomidine, sold under the brand name Precedex among others, is a medication used for sedation. [4] Veterinarians use dexmedetomidine for similar purposes in treating cats, dogs, and horses.
Medetomidine is a surgical veterinary anesthetic used for both small and large animals. It is in the same drug class as xylazine, another veterinary tranquilizer, known as the “zombie drug."
The rise of medetomidine comes as overdose deaths have fallen slightly. More than 107,000 people died of a drug overdose last year, down from about 111,000 in 2022, according to a recent report.
They are mainly used in research, having found limited clinical application in human medicine. They are extensively used in veterinary medicine to reverse the effects of alpha-2 agonist drugs used as sedatives, like xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine. Alpha-2 blockers increase noradrenaline release.
In 2014, the chemistry department of Iran's Imam Hossein University "sought kilogram quantities of medetomidine — a sedative it has researched as an aerosolized incapacitant — from Chinese ...
Atipamezole, sold under the brand name Antisedan among others, is a synthetic α 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist used for the reversal of the sedative and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs. Its reversal effect works by competing with the sedative for α 2-adrenergic receptors and displacing them.