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An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals , plants , and bacteria in response to toxin exposure. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can also kill bacteria and other microorganisms.
Type II toxin-antitoxin systems are generally better-understood than type I. [39] In this system a labile proteic antitoxin tightly binds and inhibits the activity of a stable toxin. [10] The largest family of type II toxin-antitoxin systems is vapBC , [ 53 ] which has been found through bioinformatics searches to represent between 37 and 42% ...
The most common use of antiserum in humans is as antitoxin or antivenom to treat envenomation. [citation needed] Serum therapy, also known as serotherapy, describes the treatment of infectious diseases using the serum of animals that have been immunized against the specific organism or components of that organism. [2] [3]
The CcdB poison acts by trapping DNA gyrase in a cleaved complex with the gyrase A subunit covalently closed to the cleaved DNA, causing DNA breakage and cell death in a way closely related to quinolones antibiotics. [4] In absence of the antitoxin, the CcdB poison traps DNA-gyrase cleavable complexes, inducing breaks into DNA and cell death. [3]
An example of a neutralizing antibody is diphtheria antitoxin, which can neutralize the biological effects of diphtheria toxin. [7] Neutralizing antibodies are not effective against extracellular bacteria, as the binding of antibodies does not prevent bacteria from replicating.
Bacterial meningitis, for instance, "requires immediate intravenous antibiotics and sometimes corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, while viral meningitis usually resolves on its own with rest ...
Antibiotics have not been demonstrated to affect healing of local infection in diphtheria patients treated with antitoxin. Antibiotics are used in patients or carriers to eradicate C. diphtheriae, and prevent its transmission to others. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends [29] either:
Scientists say albicin, which has a unique way of killing harmful bacteria, is one of the strongest antibiotic candidates in decades. Plant toxin discovery could boost fight against antibiotics ...