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The Japanese civil service employs over three million employees, with the Japan Self-Defense Forces, with 247,000 personnel, being the biggest branch.In the post-war period, this figure has been even higher, but the privatization of a large number of public corporations since the 1980s, including NTT, Japanese National Railways, and Japan Post, already reduced the number.
The bureaucratic administration of Japan is divided into three basic levels: national, prefectural, and municipal. They are defined by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947. Below the national government there are 47 prefectures, six of which are further subdivided into subprefectures to better service large geographical areas or remote islands.
Nobusuke Kishi, one of the leaders of the reform bureaucrats. The reform bureaucrats (Japanese: 革新官僚, Hepburn: Kakushin kanryо̄), also called revisionist bureaucrats or renovationist bureaucrats, were a group of Japanese civilian statesmen and planners during and after the Second World War, active in the states of the Empire of Japan and its puppet state, Manchukuo.
It is an "abbreviation of "Hōkoku" (報告, to report), "Renraku" (連絡, to inform) and "Sōdan" (相談, to consult), and is more memorable as a homonym of hōrensō, the Japanese word for "spinach". The term refers to "getting your hands dirty", to identify or solve immediate problems and leaders are not exempt from this. [1]
e. Bureaucracy (/ bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi /; bure-OK-rə-see) is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials. [1] Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. [2] Today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large ...
The Second edition is the largest Japanese dictionary published with roughly 500,000 entries and supposedly 1,000,000 example sentences. It was composed under the collaboration of 3000 specialists, not merely Japanese language and literature scholars but also specialists of History , Buddhist studies , the Chinese Classics , and the social and ...
There are many synonyms in Japanese because the Japanese language draws from several different languages for loanwords, notably Chinese and English, as well as its own native words. [1] In Japanese, synonyms are called dōgigo (kanji: 同義語) or ruigigo (kanji: 類義語). [2] Full synonymy, however, is rare. In general, native Japanese ...
In political science, statism or etatism (from French état 'state') is the doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree. [1][2][3] This may include economic and social policy, especially in regard to taxation and the means of production. [4]