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The universal form of the bound was originally found by Jacob Bekenstein in 1981 as the inequality [1] [2] [3], where S is the entropy, k is the Boltzmann constant, R is the radius of a sphere that can enclose the given system, E is the total mass–energy including any rest masses, ħ is the reduced Planck constant, and c is the speed of light.
A graph G is k-edge-choosable if every instance of list edge-coloring that has G as its underlying graph and that provides at least k allowed colors for each edge of G has a proper coloring. The edge choosability, or list edge colorability, list edge chromatic number, or list chromatic index, ch'(G) of graph G is the least number k such that G ...
The constants listed here are known values of physical constants expressed in SI units; that is, physical quantities that are generally believed to be universal in nature and thus are independent of the unit system in which they are measured.
In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
Simplified LaCoste suspension using a zero-length spring Spring length L vs force F graph of ordinary (+), zero-length (0) and negative-length (−) springs with the same minimum length L 0 and spring constant. Zero-length spring is a term for a specially designed coil spring that would exert zero force if it had zero length. That is, in a line ...
Otherwise, suppose an edge (X,u) has color d, then u can be added to F to make a bigger fan, contradicting with F being maximal. Thus, d is free on X, and since c is also free on X, there is no cd X-path and the inversion has no effect on the graph. Set w = k. Case 2: the fan has one edge with color d. Let (X,F[i+1]) be this edge.
An ideal constant-force spring is a spring for which the force it exerts over its range of motion is a constant, that is, it does not obey Hooke's law.In reality, "constant-force springs" do not provide a truly constant force and are constructed from materials that do obey Hooke's law.
A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that cannot be explained by a theory and therefore must be measured experimentally. It is distinct from a mathematical constant , which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement.