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Algebra was practiced and diffused orally by practitioners, with Diophantus picking up techniques to solve problems in arithmetic. [37] In modern algebra a polynomial is a linear combination of variable x that is built of exponentiation, scalar multiplication, addition, and subtraction.
Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the "father of algebra", for founding algebra as an independent discipline and for introducing the methods of "reduction" and "balancing" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation) which was what he ...
16. Problem of the topology of algebraic curves and surfaces. 17. Expression of definite forms by squares. 18. Building up of space from congruent polyhedra. 19. Are the solutions of regular problems in the calculus of variations always necessarily analytic? 20. The general problem of boundary values (Boundary value problems in PD) 21.
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
An algebraic equation is an equation involving polynomials, for which algebraic expressions may be solutions. If you restrict your set of constants to be numbers, any algebraic expression can be called an arithmetic expression. However, algebraic expressions can be used on more abstract objects such as in Abstract algebra.
This is a timeline of pure and applied mathematics history.It is divided here into three stages, corresponding to stages in the development of mathematical notation: a "rhetorical" stage in which calculations are described purely by words, a "syncopated" stage in which quantities and common algebraic operations are beginning to be represented by symbolic abbreviations, and finally a "symbolic ...
The new algebra (1591) of François Viète introduced the modern notational manipulation of algebraic expressions. John Napier is best known as the inventor of logarithms (published in Description of the Marvelous Canon of Logarithms) [54] and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.
His main work was the Arithmetica, a collection of 150 algebraic problems dealing with exact solutions to determinate and indeterminate equations. [82] The Arithmetica had a significant influence on later mathematicians, such as Pierre de Fermat , who arrived at his famous Last Theorem after trying to generalize a problem he had read in the ...