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The skin of these animals is highly vascularized and moist, with moisture maintained via secretion of mucus from specialized cells. While the lungs are of primary importance to breathing control, the unique properties of cutaneous respiration supplements rapid gas exchange when amphibians are submerged in oxygen-rich water. [7]
Another important cell type is the pulmonary neuroendocrine cell. These are innervated cells that only make up around 0.5% of the respiratory epithelial cells. [7] The ciliated cells are columnar epithelial cells with specialized ciliary modifications. The ciliated cells make up between 50 and 80 per cent of the epithelium. [8]
The lungs are the largest organs in the lower respiratory tract. The lungs are suspended within the pleural cavity of the thorax. The pleurae are two thin membranes, one cell layer thick, which surround the lungs. The inner (visceral pleura) covers the lungs and the outer (parietal pleura) lines the inner surface of the chest wall. This ...
Airway basal cells are found deep in the respiratory epithelium, attached to, and lining the basement membrane. [1]Basal cells are the stem cells or progenitors of the airway epithelium and can differentiate to replenish all of the epithelial cells including the ciliated cells, and secretory goblet cells.
The lungs make a surfactant, a surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) formed by type II alveolar cells. It floats on the surface of the thin watery layer which lines the insides of the alveoli, reducing the water's surface tension. The surface tension of a watery surface (the water-air interface) tends to make that surface ...
The fluid coating is produced by the body in order to facilitate the transfer of gases between blood and alveolar air, and the type II cells are typically found at the blood–air barrier. [19] [20] Type II cells start to develop at about 26 weeks of gestation, secreting small amounts of surfactant.
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Club cells, also known as bronchiolar exocrine cells, [1] are low columnar/cuboidal cells with short microvilli, found in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs. [2] They were formerly known as Clara cells. Club cells are found in the ciliated simple epithelium. These cells may secrete glycosaminoglycans to protect