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[15] [16] [17] A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of firms who move materials "forward", [18] or a set of organizations, directly linked by one or more upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, or information from a source to a customer. Supply chain management is the management of such a chain.
In 1981, Apache Corporation formed the United States' first MLP, Apache Petroleum Company (APC). Apache’s success drew other oil and gas companies to the MLP structure. Real estate companies soon followed, and by the mid-1980s, MLPs became so popular that they were adopted in a variety of industries, such as restaurants, hotels and cable TV.
There are a variety of supply-chain models, which address both the upstream and downstream elements of supply-chain management (SCM). The SCOR ( Supply-Chain Operations Reference ) model, developed by a consortium of industry and the non-profit Supply Chain Council (now part of APICS ) became the cross-industry de facto standard defining the ...
For example, $225K would be understood to mean $225,000, and $3.6K would be understood to mean $3,600. Multiple K's are not commonly used to represent larger numbers. In other words, it would look odd to use $1.2KK to represent $1,200,000. Ke – Is used as an abbreviation for Cost of Equity (COE).
Switching cost and product differentiation : based on a new insight that pricing incentive choice of a downstream producer may change by vertical integration, downstream firms are more likely to switch to a different supplier if the investment by firms in a particular relationship is low, or if the input market is similar to the spot market. In ...
A first-tier subsidiary is a subsidiary/child company of the ultimate parent company, [note 1] [10] while a second-tier subsidiary is a subsidiary of a first-tier subsidiary: a "grandchild" of the main parent company. [11] Consequently, a third-tier subsidiary is a subsidiary of a second-tier subsidiary—a "great-grandchild" of the main parent ...
The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The downstream sector is the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas , [ 1 ] as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas .
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to accounting: . Accounting – measurement, statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions within companies, organizations, and public agencies.