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  2. Quantum stirring, ratchets, and pumping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_stirring,_ratchets...

    Typically the pump is modeled as a quantum dot. The effect of electronelectron interactions within the dot region is taken into account in the Coulomb blockade regime or in the Kondo regime. In the former case charge transport is quantized even in the case of small backscattering. Deviation from the exact quantized value is related to ...

  3. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    [1] [2] [3] Introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, a Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. [4] Lewis structures extend the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.

  4. Sulfamic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamic_acid

    Ball-and-stick model of a sulfamic acid zwitterion as it occurs in the crystal state. [4]The compound is well described by the formula H 3 NSO 3, not the tautomer H 2 NSO 2 (OH). The relevant bond distances are 1.44 Å for the S=O and 1.77 Å for the S–N.

  5. Radical (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)

    The hydroxyl radical, Lewis structure shown, contains one unpaired electron. Lewis dot structure of a Hydroxide ion compared to a hydroxyl radical. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.

  6. Oxidation state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state

    1: H 2.300 He 4.160 2: Li 0.912 Be 1.576 B ... Structures drawn with electron dot pairs are of course identical in every way: ... An example of a Lewis structure with ...

  7. Linnett double-quartet theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnett_Double-Quartet_Theory

    (a) The LDQ structure of the B 2 H 6 molecule. The nuclei are as indicated and the single electrons are denoted by dots. The thick lines denote coincident electron pairs. (b) The traditional valence bond theory structure for the B 2 H 6 molecule. The thin curved lines stretching across the boron-hydrogen-boron moiety indicate that the two ...

  8. Solvated electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvated_electron

    Solvated electrons are involved in the reaction of alkali metals with water, even though the solvated electron has only a fleeting existence. [10] Below pH = 9.6 the hydrated electron reacts with the hydronium ion giving atomic hydrogen, which in turn can react with the hydrated electron giving hydroxide ion and usual molecular hydrogen H 2. [11]

  9. Hydroxylammonium sulfate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylammonium_sulfate

    The latter is produced by the hydrogenation of nitric oxide using a platinum catalyst: [2] 2 NO + 3 H 2 + H 2 SO 4 → [NH 3 OH] 2 [SO 4] Another route to NH 2 OH is the Raschig process: aqueous ammonium nitrite is reduced by HSO − 3 and SO 2 at 0 °C to yield a hydroxylamido-N,N-disulfonate anion:: [3] [NH 4] + [NO 2] − + 2 SO 2 + NH 3 + H ...