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The animal is too small for the time difference of sound arriving at the two ears to be calculated in the usual way, yet it can determine the direction of sound sources with exquisite precision. The tympanic membranes of opposite ears are directly connected mechanically, allowing resolution of sub-microsecond time differences [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and ...
Unlike some human-made sonars that rely on many extremely narrow beams and many receivers to localize a target (multibeam sonar), animal echolocation has only one transmitter and two receivers (the ears) positioned slightly apart. The echoes returning to the ears arrive at different times and at different intensities, depending on the position ...
The sounds animals make are important because they communicate the animals' state. [5] Some animals species have been taught simple versions of human languages. [ 6 ] Animals can use, for example, electrolocation and echolocation to communicate about prey and location.
While terrestrial animals often have a uniform method of producing and detecting sounds, aquatic animals have a range of mechanisms to produce and detect both vocal and non-vocal sounds. [7] In terms of sound production, fish can produce sounds such as boat-whistles, grunts and croaks using their swim bladder or pectoral fin.
In sound localization, ITDs are used as cues for location in the azimuth. ITD changes systematically with azimuth. Sounds to the right arrive first at the right ear; sounds to the left arrive first at the left ear. In mammals there is a level difference in sounds at the two ears caused by the sound-shadowing effect of the head. But in many ...
Natural soundscapes include natural but non-biological "geophonic" sounds (such as the water of the ocean) and the "biophonic" sounds of animals (such as bird calls). According to academic Bernie Krause, soundscape ecology serves as a lens into other fields including medicine, music, dance, philosophy, environmental studies, etc. (the soundscape).
Sounds from frogs travel through the air, through water, and through the substrate. Frogs and toads largely ignore sounds that are not conspecific calls or those of predators, [2] with only louder noises startling the animals. Even then, unless major vibration is included, they usually do not take any action unless the source has been visually ...
Underwater hearing is by bone conduction, and localization of sound appears to depend on differences in amplitude detected by bone conduction. [7] As such, aquatic animals such as fish have a more specialized hearing apparatus that is effective underwater. [8] Fish can sense sound through their lateral lines and their otoliths (ears).