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Steps 1 and 3 require the input of energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P i (inorganic phosphate), whereas steps 7 and 10 require the input of ADP, each yielding ATP. [7] The enzymes necessary to break down glucose are found in the cytoplasm , the viscous fluid that fills living cells, where the glycolytic reactions take place.
ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are (1) glycolysis, (2) the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, and (3) beta-oxidation. The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide , the combination of pathways 1 and 2, known as cellular respiration , produces about 30 ...
Adenosine triphosphate, an organic chemical used for driving biological processes . ATPase, any enzyme that makes use of adenosine triphosphate; Advanced Technology Program, US government program
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) depletion is a common biological alteration that occurs with cellular injury. This change can happen despite the inciting agent of the cell damage. A reduction in intracellular ATP can have a number of functional and morphologic consequences during cell injury. These effects include: Failure of the ATP-dependent ...
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Also meganucleus. The larger of the two types of nuclei which occur in pairs in the cells of some ciliated protozoa. Macronuclei are highly polyploid and responsible for directing vegetative reproduction, in contrast to the diploid micronuclei, which have important functions during conjugation. macrophage Any of a class of relatively long-lived phagocytic cells of the mammalian immune system ...
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This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...