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In organic chemistry, the cycloalkanes (also called naphthenes, but distinct from naphthalene) are the monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons. [1] In other words, a cycloalkane consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a structure containing a single ring (possibly with side chains), and all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single. The ...
Specifically, they studied the ring closing of 5 to 10 carbon cyclic ethers. They found that as the number of carbons increased, so did the enthalpy of activation for the reaction. This indicates that strain within the cyclic transition states is higher if there are more carbons in the ring. Since transannular strain is the largest source of ...
In cycloalkanes, each carbon is bonded nonpolar covalently to two carbons and two hydrogen. The carbons have sp 3 hybridization and should have ideal bond angles of 109.5°. Due to the limitations of cyclic structure, however, the ideal angle is only achieved in a six carbon ring — cyclohexane in chair conformation .
It is a saturated cyclopentane with three methyl substituents branching off carbons 1,2, and 3. The methyl groups off carbons 1 and 3 are trans with respect to each other, while the methyl group off carbon 2 has undefined stereochemistry, allowing it to be either cis or trans with respect to methyl 1 or 3. [2] Each carbon atom within the ...
These ring substructures include cycloalkanes, aromatics, and other ring types. They come in sizes of three atoms and upward, and in combinations of linkages that include tethering (such as in biaryls ), fusing (edge-to-edge, such as in anthracene and steroids ), links via a single atom (such as in spiro compounds ), bridged compounds , and ...
Rings may vary in size from three to many atoms, and include examples where all the atoms are carbon (i.e., are carbocycles), none of the atoms are carbon (inorganic cyclic compounds), or where both carbon and non-carbon atoms are present (heterocyclic compounds with rings containing both carbon and non-carbon). Depending on the ring size, the ...
A heterocycle or heterocyclic ring is a ring containing atoms of at least two different elements, i.e. a non-homocyclic ring. [2] A carbocycle or carbocyclic ring is a homocyclic ring in which all of the atoms are carbon. [3] An important class of carbocycles are alicyclic rings, [4] and an important subclass of these are cycloalkanes.
Cycloalkane conformations, including medium rings and macrocycles; Carbohydrate conformation, which includes cyclohexane conformations as well as other details. Allylic strain – energetics related to rotation about the single bond between an sp 2 carbon and an sp 3 carbon. Atropisomerism – due to restricted rotation about a bond.