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Within craniofacial disorders and abnormalities, orofacial clefts, and specifically cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) are the most common in humans. [9] Occurrences of CL/P are most often (around seventy percent of cases) isolated and nonsyndromic, meaning they are not associated with a syndrome or inherited genetic conditions.
A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. [1] The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. [1] A cleft palate occurs when the palate (the roof of the mouth) contains an opening into the nose. [1] The term orofacial cleft refers to either condition
A bifid nose (also known as cleft nose) is an uncommon congenital malformation which is characterized by the presence of a cleft between the two nostrils of the nose. [1] It is the result of a disturbance during embryological nose development. [2] It is part of the Tessier classification for craniofacial clefts. [3]
Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) is a congenital malformation of the midface. [1] For the diagnosis of FND, a patient should present at least two of the following characteristics: hypertelorism (an increased distance between the eyes), a wide nasal root, vertical midline cleft of the nose and/or upper lip, cleft of the wings of the nose, malformed nasal tip, encephalocele (an opening of the skull ...
The cleft associated with macrostomia is associated with improper or failed fusion of the mandibular and maxillary processes during embryonic development. [3] This can lead to a variety of abnormalities involving skin , subcutaneous tissue , facial muscles, and the mucous membrane . [ 5 ]
A medical and dental history is obtained for completeness. The medical history includes questions on the general health of the patient, to assess contraindications to treatment of jaw abnormality. Special emphasis is placed on diseases and medication which cause altered metabolism, that may affect growth and tissue reactions. [19]
Craniofacial surgery is a surgical subspecialty that deals with congenital and acquired deformities of the head, skull, face, neck, jaws and associated structures. Although craniofacial treatment often involves manipulation of bone, craniofacial surgery is not tissue-specific; craniofacial surgeons deal with bone, skin, nerve, muscle, teeth ...
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a surgical specialty focusing on reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, the mouth, head and neck, and jaws, as well as facial plastic surgery including cleft lip and cleft palate surgery.