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The general expression for the spin angular momentum is [1] =, where is the speed of light in free space and is the conjugate canonical momentum of the vector potential.The general expression for the orbital angular momentum of light is =, where = {,,,} denotes four indices of the spacetime and Einstein's summation convention has been applied.
Where = is the () photon field strength, = is the gauge covariant derivative, is the fermion spinor, is the fermion mass and , form the two-dimensional representation of the Clifford algebra. This model exhibits confinement of the fermions and as such, is a toy model for QCD .
It is published by Wiley-VCH and contains reviews and original papers/letters. The journal was established in 2007 by the founding editor-in-chief Theodor W. Hänsch (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich). Originally, the journal only published review articles. Since 2012, it also contains original papers and letters.
A Feynman diagram (box diagram) for photon–photon scattering: one photon scatters from the transient vacuum charge fluctuations of the other. Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Normally, beams of light pass through each other unperturbed.
The electrons released from the target will have approximately an integer number of photon-energies more kinetic energy. In intensity regions between 10 14 W/cm 2 and 10 18 W/cm 2, each of MPI, ATI, and barrier suppression ionization can occur simultaneously, each contributing to the overall ionization of the atoms involved. [11]
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The radiation pressure again can be seen as the transfer of each photon's momentum to the opaque surface, plus the momentum due to a (possible) recoil photon for a (partially) reflecting surface. Since an incident wave of irradiance I f over an area A has a power of I f A , this implies a flux of I f / E p photons per second per unit area ...
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