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As a form of vector quantization, PVQ defines a codebook of M quantization points, each of which is assigned an integer codeword from 0 to M−1. The goal of the encoder is to find the codeword of the closest vector, which the decoder must decode back into a vector.
The argument of methods symmetrize() and antisymmetrize() in tensor classes is now directly a sequence of index positions (and no longer a single list/tuple encapsulating such a sequence). Method self_contract() of tensor classes renamed trace(). The code for tensor contractions has been optimized; moreover multiple tensor contractions are now ...
The data type should preferably be immutable if possible. It is common for implementations to handle equality testing, serialization and model binding. The strongly typed identifier commonly wraps the data type used as the primary key in the database, such as a string, an integer or universally unique identifier (UUID).
The first number of the pair indicates type: −1 – directive type, the second number is ignored, the following line is one of these keywords: BOT – beginning of tuple (start of row) EOD – end of data; 0 – numeric type, value is the second number, the following line is one of these keywords: V – valid; NA – not available; ERROR ...
As of 21 January 2025 (two months after PHP 8.4's release), PHP is used as the server-side programming language on 75.0% of websites where the language could be determined; PHP 7 is the most used version of the language with 47.1% of websites using PHP being on that version, while 40.6% use PHP 8, 12.2% use PHP 5 and 0.1% use PHP 4.
The process of verifying and enforcing the constraints of types—type checking—may occur at compile time (a static check) or at run-time (a dynamic check). If a language specification requires its typing rules strongly, more or less allowing only those automatic type conversions that do not lose information, one can refer to the process as strongly typed; if not, as weakly typed.
In Lua, "table" is a fundamental type that can be used either as an array (numerical index, fast) or as an associative array. The keys and values can be of any type, except nil. The following focuses on non-numerical indexes. A table literal is written as { value, key = value, [index] = value, ["non id string"] = value }. For example:
Gradual typing is a type system that lies in between static typing and in dynamic typing. Some variables and expressions may be given types and the correctness of the typing is checked at compile time (which is static typing ) and some expressions may be left untyped and eventual type errors are reported at runtime (which is dynamic typing ).