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It is used by mouth, by nose, by injection into a vein or muscle, and as eye drops. [4] [5] Effects begin within an hour and last for up to eight hours. [4] Ketorolac also has antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties. [7] [8] Common side effects include sleepiness, dizziness, abdominal pain, swelling, and nausea. [4]
Nepafenac, sold under the brand name Nevanac among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), usually sold as a prescription eye drop 0.1% solution (Nevanac) or 0.3% solution (Ilevro). It is used to treat pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery. [ 3 ]
Figure 1.0 - Basic anatomical features of the human eye. Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]
Phenylephrine/ketorolac was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2014, [4] and in the European Union in July 2015. [2] References
As inhalers they are used to treat asthma, as nasal sprays to treat hay fever (allergic rhinitis) and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis. [2] Finally, in oral form, they are used to treat the rare condition of mastocytosis .
Artificial tears are lubricating eye drops used to relieve dryness and irritation of the ocular surface. [1] Dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a common ocular surface disorder and is characterized by disruption of the tear film and increased inflammation.
Tropicamide, sold under the brand name Mydriacyl among others, is a medication used to dilate the pupil and help with examination of the eye. [3] Specifically it is used to help examine the back of the eye. [4] It is applied as eye drops. [3] Effects occur within 40 minutes and last for up to a day. [3]
Contraindications and adverse side-effects are always a factor, as well. [ 14 ] A corticosteroid implant surgically placed within the eye can be used for patients who are not able to achieve remission on or tolerate immunomodulatory therapy, or in cases where this option presents less of a burden on life than long-term medical therapy.
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