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A similar lorazepam dose given intravenously will result in an earlier and higher peak serum level, with a higher relative proportion of unmetabolised (active) lorazepam. [106] On regular administration, maximum serum levels are attained after three days. Longer-term use, up to six months, does not result in further accumulation. [98]
In 1989, in a 4- to 6-year follow-up study of 30 inpatient people who used benzodiazepines non-medically, Neuropsychological function was found to be permanently affected in some people with long-term high dose non-medical use of benzodiazepines. Brain damage similar to alcoholic brain damage was observed.
Benzodiazepine abuse is mostly limited to individuals who abuse other drugs, i.e. poly-drug abusers. Most prescribed users do not abuse their medication, however, some high dose prescribed users do become involved with the illicit drug scene. Abuse of benzodiazepines occurs in a wide age range of people and includes teenagers and the old.
Evidence from reviews of benzodiazepine tolerance mechanisms [42] and clonazepam use in psychiatric disorders [43] is strongly discordant with the claim that benzodiazepines lose anxiolytic efficacy over a period of weeks, as these reviews present RCT evidence of continued anxiolytic efficacy at up to 22 weeks [44] and observational (open-label ...
Notably, used on a short-term basis around menstruation in women with catamenial epilepsy. Clonazepam (1974). Clorazepate (1972). The following benzodiazepines are used to treat status epilepticus: Diazepam (1963). Can be given rectally by trained care-givers. Midazolam (N/A). Increasingly being used as an alternative to diazepam.
Low- or normal-dose dependence was not suspected until the 1970s, and it was not until the early 1980s that it was confirmed. [74] [75] Low-dose dependence has now been clearly demonstrated in both animal studies and human studies, [76] [77] and is a recognized clinical disadvantage of benzodiazepines. Severe withdrawal syndromes can occur from ...
Celexa – an antidepressant of the SSRI class; Centrax – an anti-anxiety agent; Clozaril – atypical antipsychotic used to treat resistant schizophrenia; Concerta (methylphenidate) – an extended release form of methylphenidate
The dose of loprazolam for insomnia is usually 1 mg but can be increased to 2 mg if necessary. In the elderly a lower dose is recommended due to more pronounced effects and a significant impairment of standing up to 11 hours after dosing of 1 mg of loprazolam. The half-life is much more prolonged in the elderly than in younger patients.