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  2. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

    The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, [23] the most prominent classical statements [24] being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms ...

  3. Third law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics

    The Planck statement applies only to perfect crystalline substances: As temperature falls to zero, the entropy of any pure crystalline substance tends to a universal constant. That is, lim T → 0 S = S 0 {\displaystyle \lim _{T\to 0}S=S_{0}} , where S 0 {\displaystyle S_{0}} is a universal constant that applies for all possible crystals, of ...

  4. Lord Kelvin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin

    William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907 [7]), was a British mathematician, mathematical physicist and engineer. [8] [9] Born in Belfast, he was the professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Glasgow for 53 years, where he undertook significant research and mathematical analysis of electricity, was instrumental in the formulation of the first and second ...

  5. History of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics

    The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...

  6. List of things named after Lord Kelvin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after...

    Kelvin–Planck statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics; Kelvin–Varley divider; Kelvin's balls; Kelvin bridge; Kelvin effect, see either Thomson effect or Kelvin equation; Kelvin equation; Kelvin–Voigt material, also: Kelvin material; Kelvin solid; Kelvin notation; Kelvin probe force microscope; Kelvin sensing; Kelvin water dropper ...

  7. List of things named after Max Planck - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after...

    Boltzmann–Planck equation; Fokker–Planck equation; Nernst–Planck equation; Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics; Massieu–Planck potentials; Planck potential; Planck proposition, Planck statement, Planck's principle; see Kelvin–Planck statement; Planckian locus

  8. First law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

    An example of a physical statement is that of Planck (1897/1903): It is in no way possible, either by mechanical, thermal, chemical, or other devices, to obtain perpetual motion, i.e. it is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a cycle and produce continuous work, or kinetic energy, from nothing. [33]

  9. Zero-point energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

    Planck's radiation equation contained a residual energy factor, one ⁠ hν / 2 ⁠, as an additional term dependent on the frequency ν, which was greater than zero (where h is the Planck constant). It is therefore widely agreed that "Planck's equation marked the birth of the concept of zero-point energy."