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It is common convention to use greek indices when writing expressions involving tensors in Minkowski space, while Latin indices are reserved for Euclidean space. Well-formulated expressions are constrained by the rules of Einstein summation : any index may appear at most twice and furthermore a raised index must contract with a lowered index.
A vector treated as an array of numbers by writing as a row vector or column vector (whichever is used depends on convenience or context): = (), = Index notation allows indication of the elements of the array by simply writing a i, where the index i is known to run from 1 to n, because of n-dimensions. [1]
Rejecting Descartes' solution, Pierre de Fermat arrived at the same solution based solely on his principle of least time. Descartes assumed the speed of light was infinite, yet in his derivation of Snell's law he also assumed the denser the medium, the greater the speed of light. Fermat supported the opposing assumptions, i.e., the speed of ...
Ricci calculus, and index notation more generally, distinguishes between lower indices (subscripts) and upper indices (superscripts); the latter are not exponents, even though they may look as such to the reader only familiar with other parts of mathematics.
Some solutions of a differential equation having a regular singular point with indicial roots = and .. In mathematics, the method of Frobenius, named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, is a way to find an infinite series solution for a linear second-order ordinary differential equation of the form ″ + ′ + = with ′ and ″.
Multi-index notation is a mathematical notation that simplifies formulas used in multivariable calculus, partial differential equations and the theory of distributions, by generalising the concept of an integer index to an ordered tuple of indices.
Full employment theorem (theoretical computer science) Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem (algebraic geometry) Fundamental theorem of algebra (complex analysis) Fundamental theorem of arbitrage-free pricing (financial mathematics) Fundamental theorem of arithmetic (number theory) Fundamental theorem of calculus
The order of operations, that is, the order in which the operations in an expression are usually performed, results from a convention adopted throughout mathematics, science, technology and many computer programming languages. It is summarized as: [2] [5] Parentheses; Exponentiation; Multiplication and division; Addition and subtraction